电磁阀、电动阀的原理、种类、选择方法完整大解析

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电磁阀的英文是Solenoid Valve，简单来说就是利用通电的电磁铁进行阀门的开关，进而达到控制油等液体或气体的目的。电磁因其成本低、体积小、开关速度快、接线简单、功耗低、性价比高、经济实用等优点，被广泛应用在自动控制领域的各个环节。小至洗衣机、洗碗机等家电，大至工厂的自动控制系统都有它的踪迹。

 

电磁阀的作用原理

电磁阀的构造非常简单，主要由电磁铁(电磁线圈) 、活塞及开口所组成。电磁线圈与活塞相连接，并在通电后产生磁性，带动活塞以改变流体的方向(电磁开关阀) 或是压力(电磁调节阀)。常见的三通电磁阀则是有三个开口，并由两组线圈控制流体的流向。

电磁阀的作用原理

如上图所示，通电后磁化的电磁线圈向上吸引活塞，让流体可以自由的流向右边。断电后阀门也随之关闭，阻断流体。当然也有通电时阻断，断电时流通的电磁阀设计。若想了解更多可以参考下方动画，阀门的动作描绘得非常清楚。

电磁阀的原理影片

常见的电磁阀种类

回收电磁阀依据作用原理，可以分为三大种类，分别是直动式电磁阀、分步直动式电磁阀以及间接先导式电磁阀。此三大类又可以依据阀瓣结构和材料上的不同细分为六小类，分别是直动膜片结构、分步重片结构、先导膜式结构、直动活塞结构、分步直动活塞结构、先导活塞结构。另外也会依据使用情境和适用流体做不同的区分。

以下先简短介绍三大类电磁阀的作用方式。

依作用原理分类

1. 直动式电磁阀

直动式电磁阀是最基本的电磁阀类型，作用方式如前面所提，单纯是以电磁铁带动活塞控制阀门。

特色：在真空、负压、零压时能正常工作，但通径一般不超过25mm。

2. 分步直动式电磁阀

分步直动式电磁阀的作用原理稍微复杂一点。主要分为主阀和小阀两个部份，通电时会先将小阀开启，此时小阀内的压力会变大，当小阀与主阀的压力差大道一定程度后，再利用压力推开主阀。与直动式最大的差异就是可以应用在功率需求较大的运用上。

3. 间接先导式电磁阀

间接先导式电磁阀和分步直动式稍微类似。主要由上下腔室与先导孔组成。通电时，电磁铁会让先导孔打开，并让上腔室的压力快速下降，形成上低下高的压力差。此时流体压力将会推动组件让阀门向上移动；断电时则相反。
特点：体积小，功率低，流体压力范围上限较高，可任意安装但必须满足流体压差条件

依使用介质及情况分类

1. 管内使用介质

依电磁阀管内使用介质可分为：液用电磁阀、气用电磁阀、蒸汽电磁阀、燃气电磁阀、油用电磁阀

2. 电磁阀使用情境

依电磁阀的使用情境可分为：消防专用电磁阀、制冷电磁阀、防腐电磁阀、高温电磁阀、高压电磁阀、无压差电磁阀、超低温电磁阀（深冷电磁阀）、真空电磁阀等。

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电磁阀的相位及口（通）数

另一种重要的电磁阀分类则是依照其相位数其通口数。相位指的是阀门开关的状态，通数或口数则是指其开口数目。常见的型态有二位二通、二位三通、三位三通等。

1. 二位二通电磁阀

  

最基本的电磁阀即为二位二通或二位二通的形式，二通表示其只有两个开口A 及B，二位表示只有两种状态1. A 开B 关及2. A 关B开）。

2. 二位三通电磁阀

二位三通的电磁阀比二位二通多了一个排水口， 但同时只会有一个排水口开启。

3. 三位三通电磁阀

三位三通的电磁阀多了一个新的相位，即可以分别控制三个开口的流通。

另外也有五口二位五口三位等更多相位和口数的电磁阀，但基本原理是相同的。

如何选择正确的电磁阀？

电磁阀必须要依据使用情况、流体种类、温度等去做正确的选择，才可以保证功效以及延长使用寿命。在选择电磁阀时只要掌握以下几个原则，就可以轻松选出合适的电磁阀。

使用流体介质

酸碱度

腐蚀性液体需使用不锈钢材质电磁阀，并搭配合适的橡胶材质。

温度

高温流体请使用耐高温材料制成的电磁阀，并选择活塞结构类型。

状态

气态、液态、混合状态都有对应的专用电磁阀，特别是口径大于DN25 需特别区分。

黏度

50cSt 以上请使用高黏度电磁阀

压缩空气水滴去除率99.9%

Y-Tech 高精度自动排水调压过滤器

过滤杂质/ 去除水滴/ 自动排水/ 调整压力

连接管径大小及流量

依照现场管道尺寸及流量决定通径（DN）尺寸，另外通常> DN50 需使用法兰接口

使用压力

根据管道的公称压力选择合适的电磁阀。另外若工压差在0.04Mpa 以下时，必须使用直动式或分步直动式电磁阀。

工作型态

依据开关模式选择常开型或常关型，另外环境的温度、淋水、震动等甚至是防爆等都有特殊相对应的电磁阀。

可靠程度

工作频率高时，优先选择直动式电磁阀，另外尽量选择品质较有保证的大厂或有口碑之品牌（如亚德客等）较不容易出现问题。

电磁阀安装的注意事项

• 阀体上箭头需与介质流向一致，并垂直向上安装
• 安装前彻底清洗管道。确保通入的介质无杂质。并于阀前加装过滤器
• 安装后管道内不得有反向压差。并需通电数次，使之适温后方可投入使用
• 电源电压应保持在额定电压的15％-10％ 幅度内作用

正确安装电磁阀，才可以确保寿命和效能